Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation is a minimally invasive procedure to replace a diseased aortic valve without traditional open-heart surgery. It is most commonly used to treat severe aortic stenosis, a narrowing of the valve that restricts blood flow out of the heart. A replacement valve is delivered through a catheter (a thin tube), usually from an artery in the leg. It is performed in specialized heart centers by a multidisciplinary “Heart Team.”

TAVR stands for **transcatheter aortic valve replacement**. It is a minimally invasive procedure that replaces a narrowed or failing **aortic valve** without open-heart surgery. It is most commonly used to treat **aortic stenosis**, a condition that restricts blood flow from the heart to the body. It is performed in specialized cardiac catheterization labs or hybrid operating rooms by a multidisciplinary heart team.

Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement is a minimally invasive procedure to replace a diseased aortic valve. It most often treats aortic stenosis, a narrowing that restricts blood flow out of the heart. A new valve is delivered by catheter through a blood vessel, rather than through open-heart surgery. It is commonly performed in specialized cardiac catheterization laboratories or hybrid operating rooms.

Valve Repair is a way to fix a heart valve that is not opening or closing normally. It aims to restore the valve’s function while keeping the patient’s own valve tissue. It is most commonly used for the mitral and tricuspid valves, and in selected cases for the aortic valve. It can be done with surgery or, for some valve problems, catheter-based techniques.

Intraoperative neuromonitoring is a way to track nerve and spinal cord function during surgery. It uses sensors and small electrical signals to watch how the nervous system responds in real time. It is commonly used in spine surgery and other operations performed near major nerves. Its goal is to help the surgical team recognize potential neurologic problems early.

Valve Replacement is a treatment that swaps a diseased heart valve for an artificial or donor valve. It is used when a valve cannot open or close properly and blood flow becomes inefficient or backward. It is commonly performed for aortic or mitral valve disease, and less often for tricuspid or pulmonary valve disease. It may be done through open-heart surgery or with catheter-based (transcatheter) techniques.

Off-Pump CABG is a form of coronary artery bypass grafting performed while the heart is still beating. It is used to restore blood flow to heart muscle when coronary arteries are narrowed or blocked. Instead of a heart–lung machine, surgeons use specialized stabilizers to operate on moving heart tissue. It is commonly performed in cardiothoracic surgery centers that offer surgical treatment for coronary artery disease.

MEP stands for **motor evoked potentials**. MEP testing measures how well **motor (movement) signals travel from the brain, through the spinal cord, to the muscles**. MEP is commonly used during **spine surgery** as part of intraoperative neuromonitoring. It can also be used in specialized neurophysiology settings to evaluate motor pathway function.

Motor evoked potentials are electrical signals recorded from muscles after the nervous system is stimulated. They reflect how well motor pathways carry messages from the brain and spinal cord to the limbs. They are commonly used during spine and brain surgery as part of intraoperative neuromonitoring. They can also be used in select diagnostic settings to assess motor pathway function.

SSEP stands for **somatosensory evoked potentials**. It is a test that records how sensory signals travel through nerves and the spinal cord to the brain. SSEP is commonly used in **spine surgery** as part of **intraoperative neuromonitoring**. It can also be used in clinical neurodiagnostic testing to evaluate certain neurologic conditions.